An open-source, cross-browser JavaScript library, for stuff like Ajax, modifying HTML and CSS, event handling, animation.
It was released January 2006 at BarCamp NYC by John Resig.

Smaller, faster (*), less painful
For example: Toggle the background color of every odd row:
| one |
| two |
| three |
| four |
| five |
| six |
In Prototype:
$$('tr').each(
function(element, i){
if (i%2==1) {
element.toggleClassName('grey');
}
}
);
In jQuery:
$('tr:nth-child(odd)').toggleClass('grey')